The Autobiography My Place By Sally Morgan Explores Sallys Experien Es

The autobiography ?My Place' by Sally Morgan explores Sally's experiences in her own life, growing up in surburban Perth in the fifties and sixties. Through the memories and images of her childhood and adolescence, vauge hints and echoes begin to emerge, hidden knowledge is uncovered, and a fascinating story unfolds-a mystery of identity complete with clues and suggested solutions. There were many influences in Sally's life, the main ones were people she knew, places she went and events that took place at that particular place with that person. These influences were all revealed through the author's choice of words. The two most important figures in Sally's life were her mother (Gladis corooner) and her Nan (Daisy Corooner). Since her father was not around at all in her teenage years, which were her most critical years for a role model, she looked towards her mother for every answer. Her mother was kind and loving. Although, when Sally's father died Sally's mother had to work, so Sally's Nan became her new rolemodel. Sally's nan did not stay Sally's rolemodel for long, because as Sally grew older she realised that Nan and herself had not much in common. The only thing they really had in common was their love for nature. Both nan and Sally had a soft spot in their hearts for nature. When Sally was a small child, Nan would wake her up in the crisp of the morning to listen for the call of wild animals. Nan and Sally would sit for hours listening and waiting to hear those beautiful sounds of the Earth. This influenced Sally's life because later on in her life she became very loving towards nature an d any stray animal would find a home in their house. This was revealed through repetition because Sally Morgan constantly talked about the asapects of nature and Nan. Now with Sally's mother finding a job she had more money to spend so Sally's life became much more luxurious. Sally and her family enjoyed their time spent together. Sally believed that a families closeness towards eachother was very important. Sally's mother was an influence in Sally's life because Sally's mother was really the only female Sally could look up too. She could look up to Nan, but Nan and Sally had their differences. So Sally's mother had an important role in Sally's life because she helped Sally find her place and identity in life. This was revealed through Sally's repetition of the events which occured between Sally and her mother. From a very young age of five years old, Sally had a feeling she was remotly differently. "I was a grubby five year-old in a grubby environment" (p.11). She felt this way as she walked through the hospital which she described with all the negative thoughts she could think of. Sally felt different because she was full of secret fears. Fears because her father was always sick, always being assured that he would get better when Sally knew he would not. As time progressed she was enrolled into school. School was a turn around for Sally, as it opened up a new world, and she began to look at the world with new ideas and thoughts. She learnt to read, and by far, was one of the best readers in her class. Reading also opened a new window for her, but unfortunatly, her teacher Miss Glazberg was prejudice towards her, and shut that window. When Sally's mother asked that Sally be given a new book, Miss Glazberg refused for no other reason than prejudice. Miss Glazberg was too short-sighted in Sa lly's reading ability to realise that Sally should be given a new book. Miss Glazberg was not very appreciative towards Sally's reading ability. When Year 2 arrived, Sally started to get more of an idea that she was different. Sally couldn't prevent herself from wetting her pants one day. "You dirty, dirty, girl" Miss Roberts took her and pushed her out the door. This influenced her life in a negative way. Her attitude towards school took an even rapid downhill turn after that incident. It made her feel different from the other children in her class. She felt isolated and alone. This was revealed that

The Birth of Johnson and Johnson Company Essays

The Birth of Johnson and Johnson Company Essays The Birth of Johnson and Johnson Company Paper The Birth of Johnson and Johnson Company Paper Essay Topic: The Birth Mark In the mid-1880’s the development of the first ready-made and ready to use surgical dressing marked the birth of a company, Johnson and Johnson. This new product was based on a surgical concept that led to the reduction of infection and disease to patients. It all started with Robert Wood Johnson who studied surgeon Sir Joseph Lister. Sir Joseph Lister had new idea about airborne germs that were the source of infections in operating rooms. After hearing Lister speak Robert Wood Johnson played with the idea and how to use Lister’s teaching. He had the idea of surgical dressings, ready made, sterile, wrapped, and sealed in individual packages. They would be perfect for instant use without the risk of infections. In 1885 Robert Wood Johnson joined with his two brothers James Wood and Edward Mead Johnson and created a partnership. By 1886 the three men started a small operation in New Brunswick, N.J. with fourteen employees. They were in the fourth floor of an old wallpaper factory. In 1887 the Company became incorporated and entered the surgical dressings industry. Johnson and Johnson’s first products were medicinal plasters with medical compounds mixed in adhesive. They worked at improving products and thinking of new ones. Then the company designed a soft absorbent cotton and gauze dressing that could be mass produced and shipped in great quantity to hospitals. 1897 was the year that the company found it’s slogan â€Å"The Most Trusted Name in Surgical Dressing.† This came from their new sterilization processes, which used steam and pressure. Over the years Johnson and Johnson has become to enjoy product diversification. In 1921 they came out with Band Aid Brand Adhesive Bandaged and Johnson’s Baby cream. As the Company grew in products and size they started organizing individual divisions. The manufacture of disposible surgical packs and gowns became Surgikos Inc., and now called Johnson Johnson Medical. In 1994 Johnson Johnson had the addition of the Neutrogena Corporation which dealt with skin and hair care products. From 1989-99 the company made 45 aquisitions of companies and product lines. Today Johnson Johnson has become worldwide with 190 companies and marketing health care products in more than 175 countries. Companies with more than 99,000 employees also produce products that serve a broad range of medical needs,which range from baby care products to pharmaceuticals. Johnson Johnson has become the world’s most broadly based maufacturer of health care products. Stock Analysis On September 25, 1944 Johnson Johnson went public. Their opening stock price was three cents a share with 1,106.8 net share outstanding. Over the years as Johnson Johnson has grown their stock has gone through many splits and has become more valuable. Since 1944 the value of the Johnson Johnson stock has gone from $.03 to $101.05. The yearly dividend in 1998 was $0.97 with 1,344.1 net shares outstanding. A stock split means that there are more shares created that are available to the public but have the same initial pay off. On May 21, 1996 Johnson Johnson had a 2 for 1 split . On April 17, 1970 they experienced a 3 for 1 split. This means that for every single share owned you now would own 3. Johnson Johnson has had some of the most money invested from 1994-1999 in their stock. Being compared to competitors such as S P diversified Health care. This graph shows the years from 1994-1999. Industry Analysis Johnson Johnson manufactures and sells a broad range of products in the health care field in many countries of the world. The worldwide business is divided into three segments: Consumer and Pharmaceutical. Johnson Johnson has so many subsidiaries and diversity in products that it is hard to have strong competition. Johnson Johnson can be found all over the healthcare industry. The Consumer segments principal products are personal care and hygienic products, including nonprescription drugs, adult skin and hair care products, baby care products, oral care products, first aid products and sanitary protection products. Major brands include Aveeno skin care products; Band-Aid Brand Adhesive Bandages; Benecol food products; Carefree Panty Shields; Clean ; Clear teen skin care products; Imodium A-D, an antidiarrheal; Johnsons Baby line of products; Johnsons pH 5.5 skin and hair care products; Lactaid lactose-intolerance products; Monistat, a remedy for vaginal yeast infections; adult and childrens Motrin IB ibuprofen products; Mylanta gastrointestinal products and Pepcid AC Acid Controller from the Johnson Johnson Merck Consumer Pharmaceuticals Co.; Neutrogena skin and hair care products; o.b. Tampons; Penaten and Natusan baby care products; Piz Buin and Sundown sun care products; Reach toothbrushes; RoC skin care products; Shower to Shower persona! l care products; Stayfree sanitary protection products; and the broad family of Tylenol acetaminophen products. Some main competitors of the personal hygiene sector are Colgate-Palmolive co., The Consumer Health Group Co., These products are marketed principally to the general public and distributed both to wholesalers and directly to independent and chain retail outlets. The Pharmaceutical segments principal worldwide franchises are in the antifungal, anti-infective, cardiovascular, contraceptive, dermatology, immunology, neurology, oncology, pain management and psychotropic fields. These products are distributed both directly and through wholesalers for use by health care professionals and the general public. Prescription drugs in the antifungal field include Nizoral, Sporanox, Terazol and Daktarin antifungal products. Prescription drugs in the cardiovascular field include Retavase, and Reopro for the treatment of heart disease. Prescription drugs in the contraceptive field include Ortho-Novum and Tricilest group of oral contraceptives. Prescriptions drugs in the dermatology field include Retin-A Micro, a dermatological cream for acne. Some main competitors of the pharmaceutical industry are Abbot Laboratories, Amgen Inc., Avertis, and Pharmacia Corp. Most of these companies deal in the specialization of just pharmaceuticals. Johnson ; J! ohnson is a powerful player in this market which is an accomplishment providing that they have various areas of industry. Distribution to these markets is done both directly and through surgical supply and other dealers. **Bibliography** www.jnj.com

Adversarial and inquisitorial criminal justice Essay

Adversarial and inquisitorial criminal justice - Essay Example There are two systems that are utilized in the administration of criminal justice: 1) the adversarial system (also called accusatorial), and 2) the inquisitorial system. This paper aims to present the difference between the two systems in relation but not limited to the purpose, who are the parties involved, what are role of the parties involved, and the rules involved in the criminal procedure towards the attainment of their aim.Once a crime has been committed, the criminal justice is initiated by the filing of the complaint or criminal action by the victim (called the plaintiff in the complaint) to the police or to the prosecution, against the accused (called the defendant in the complaint). The different steps or procedures undertaken from the filing of the criminal complaint, trial by the court of the case, and to the conviction or non-conviction of the plaintiff is called the criminal procedure. After the complaint has been filed, the next step in the criminal procedure depends on the country of the court where the case was filed. In England and Wales and other common law countries like the United States of America for example, criminal proceedings are sometimes referred to as an adversarial system. 1 In this system, parties to a controversy, develop and present their arguments, gather and submit evidence, call and question witnesses, and control the process within the confines of certain rules and regulations.2 On the other hand, the inquisitorial system which is employed on the continent of Europe among most (but not all) systems of civil law, the conduct of investigating the case, gathering of evidences, and questioning of witnesses is the sole responsibility of the judge of the case.3 While the judge or jury in the adversarial system is a passive recipient of information4, which means that he will only know the facts and arguments of the case during trial, the judge/s play/s much more active roles in the criminal process in the inquisitorial system that include investigating, collecting of evidences, and questioning of witnesses.5 The most striking differences between the two can be found in criminal trials. In the Anglo-American adversary system, the parties to a dispute (plaintiff and defendant), or their advocates (prosecutor and defense counsel), square off against each other and assume roles that are strictly separate and distinct from that of the decision maker that is usually a judge or a jury.6 Each party has to develop and present arguments supported by proofs. In the United States for example, the prosecutor (counsel of the state and in behalf of the plaintiff) will be the first one to present his arguments and evidences to support his arguments. His purpose is usually to prove and convince the judge that the defendant (or the accused) really committed the crime and should be penalized. After which, the defense counsel will also present his arguments and evidences to prove the innocence of his client (the defendant). After the presentation of arguments and evidences by parties, the direct examination and cross-examination follows. The prosecution and the defense counsel will have the opportunity to examine the evidences and witnesses presented by the adverse party to illicit further information and to determine the veracity and truthfulness of the evidences presented. The adversary process is governed by strict rules of evidence and procedure that allows both sides equal opportunity to argue their cases and to ensure that the decision of the judge is based solely on the evidences presented.7 If both of the parties already rested their case, meaning when direct, redirect, and cross-examinations are over, it is where the function of the judge enters. The judge should decide based from the merits of the case presented before him, whether to convict the defendant-accused or to set him free.

Domestic Violence in slavic communities Dissertation

Domestic Violence in slavic communities - Dissertation Example It also claims that females being subject to violence the world over vary in the range of â€Å"20 to 50 per cent from country to country† (Khan, 2000). This clearly emphasizes the gravity of the problem. Another major concern in confronting this problem seems to stem from the fact that women, in general, lack awareness about the protection as well as the rehabilitation programs available to them. Linda Chamberlain and Julie Ann Rivers-Chchran find that there have been extensive advocacy programs for women and children of domestic violence, but the number of people who require this service far exceeds the resources available. Therefore, the advocates now find it more appropriate to focus attention to expand â€Å"the scope of their work beyond direct victim services to include prevention† (Chamberlain, 2011). Thus, this literature review has brought to fore a valid consideration for orienting the efforts towards prevention as well rather than just supporting the victims . So far as it relates to the issue from the perspective of criminal justice, researchers contend that it has always been seen in the context of punishing the perpetrator rather than from the point view of instituting appropriate provisions to support to the victims.

Liberty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Liberty - Essay Example Other academicians have related life to existence in state of nature under a social contract. Liberty is connoted into two major different kinds. Classical liberalists and individualists have conceptualized liberty as consisting of individual freedom outside coercision and compulsion, this is the kind of liberty known as Negative liberty.Whereas, social liberalists conceptualize liberty with emphasis to the social structure and agency, this is the second kind of liberty known as Positive liberty .In summary we basically have two kinds of liberty which are: positive liberty and negative liberty. Positive liberty explains that a person can find freedom in his ability to exercise agency, by having adequate power and resources to enable him to do his will without being misled by societal views such as sexism, structuralism and racism. Thomas Hobbes explains that``a free man is he that†¦.is not hindered to do what he hath the will to do `` Hobbes (235).John Stuart Mill was the first to recognize that there is a difference between liberty as a freedom of action or to act and liberty as an absence of coercion. According to Berlin (221), the difference between the two perspectives as opposite concepts of liberty; positive liberty and negative liberty where the latter manifested a negative condition of individual protection from tyranny as well as arbitrary exercise to authority. Whereas the former meant the ability to have means or opportunity other than to lack restraint of doing things or acting. The term negative liberty has different noteworthy aspects.Firstly; it defines zones or realms of freedom in the aspect of science (science of law) Hobbes (197).The distinguishing idea between the two kinds of liberty is traced back to Kant who examined it in the year 1940s; he explained that the two kinds of liberty are not merely different but rivals. Positive liberty requires not

Nanospheres of Agâ€coated Fe3O4 Synthesis

Nanospheres of Ag–coated Fe3O4 Synthesis Nanospheres of Ag–coated Fe3O4 were successfully synthesized and characterized. Photocatalytic properties of Fe3O4@Ag composites have been investigated using steady state studies and laser pulse excitations. Accumulation of the electrons in the Ag shell was detected from the shift in the surface plasmon band from 430 to 405 nm, which was discharged when an electron acceptor such as O2, Thionine (TH), or C60 was introduced into the system. Charge equilibration with redox couple such as C60à ¢- Ã¢â‚¬â€œ/C60 indicated the ability of these core–shell structures to carry out photocatalytic reduction reactions. As well, outer Ag layer could boost charge separation in magnetic core through dual effects of Schottky junction and localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR)–powered band gap breaking effect under sunlight irradiation; resulted in higher photocatalytic degradation of diphenylamine (DPA). The maximum photocatalytic degradation rate was achieved at optimum amount of Ag–NP loading to products. Adsorption studies confirmed that degradation of DPA dominantly occurred in solution. Moderately renewability of the nanocatalysts under sunlight was due to oxidation and dissolution of the outer Ag layer. KEYWORDS: Core–shell Fe3O4@Ag; Plasmonic photocatalysis; Laser pulse excitations; Charge equilibration; Schottky junction; Diphenyl amine Introduction Core–shell nanocomposites combine the profitable properties of both the core and the shell materials (1). Various types of core–shell materials have been technically synthesized owing to their unique physicochemical properties and great potential applications (2,3). Among them, superparamagnetic core–shell nanocomposites do not retain any magnetization in the absence of a magnetic field (4). Hence, they have been broadly used in magnetic resonance imaging, hyperthermia, separation and purification of biomolecules, drug delivery, and catalysis (4,5). The combination of nanocatalysts together with magnetic carriers has attracted increasing attention due to their recoverable nature from the mother solutions in presence of an appropriate magnetic field (6). Recently, to prevent the agglomeration and to further improve the durability of the nanocatalysts, various core–shell like magnetic chemcatalytic and photocatalytic nanomaterials have been developed (7–9). Due to weighty role of Ag based magnetic nanocatalysts in fine and specialty chemistry, different kinds of this bi–functional nanostructures such as Fe3O4–Ag core–shell like NPs, heterodimers, and core–satellite particles have been prepared (11,12). The Ag component in most of the above products was located on the surface of the magnetic carrier whereas structures with an Ag core and Fe3O4 shell are rare. This article aims primarily to unravel the major mechanisms in magnetic core–shell plasmonic photocatalysis. It is important to elucidate the influence of the metal shell layer on the photoinduced charge separation in inner magnetic carrier and reveal the occurrence of charge equilibration between the metal and magnetic semiconductor. Therefore, we have prepared Fe3O4, Ag–coated Fe3O4 (Fe3O4@Ag) in ethanol medium and their behavior under UV–excitation were compared. The factors that control the charge separation and photocatalytic properties of coated nanostructures are also presented in this paper. Besides, we selected diphenylamine (DPA) as a model contamination (13–17) to present powerful and cost–effective photocatalysts. The European Union has listed DPA as a prior pollutant (14). According to the best of our knowledge, the photocatalytic degradation of DPA using Fe3O4@Ag nanospheres has not been reported, previously. The operational conditions in photocatalytic removal of DPA were optimized. The effect of Ag–NPs loading on photocatalytic activity of core–shell nanoparticles was also investigated. Further studies were designed to answer the questions of whether DPA adsorbed on the Ag surface is an important step in its photocatalytic degradation rate or not? Eventually, tentatively reviews on the efficiency and durability of core–shell photocatalysts under sunlight irradiation were checked up. Experimental section Materials and Measurements Powders of DPA, D(+)–glucose anhydrous, thionin acetate salt (C12H9N3S.C2H4O2), AgNO3 (99%), FeCl2.4H2O (>98%), FeCl3.6H2O (>99%), NH3.H2O (25–28%) and HPLC grade acetonitrile (purity 99%) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. The hexahydra salt CoCl2 was purchased from Riedel–de Haen Germany. DPA was purified by simple preparative chromatography on a silica gel column (3:1 n–hexane/acetonitrile as a mobile phase) and followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) monitoring. All other materials were of highest purity commercially available and were applied without further purification. The Britton–Robinson buffer solutions were prepared in 0.04 M concentration. The DPA stock solution was set up by dissolving 10.0 mg of the powders in 100 mL of 60/40 v/v buffer solution/acetonitrile and then stored in a refrigerator. High purity water purified with the Milli–Q system was used in all experiments. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study was carried out using a Hitachi S–4300 (Japan) instrument. The crystalline structure of the powders was studied by X–ray diffraction (XRD) with a PHILIPS PW–1840 diffractometer. The UV–vis spectra were recorded on a Biotech Diode–Array spectrophotometer. The IR spectra of the synthesized magnetic NPs were obtained using a Shimadzu FT–IR 8300 spectrophotometer. Magnetic measurements were made with a Quantum Design PPMS Model 6000 magnetometer at 25  °C. The pH values of all solutions were assessed by a model 744 Metrohm pH meter (Switzerland). An external magnet bar of 5 cmÃâ€"5 cmÃâ€"3 cm and power of 1.46 T was used for the accumulation of magnetic NPs. The photodegradation of DPA has been monitored using UV–vis spectrophotometer (Biotech) and a HPLC (KNAUER). The HPLC system used throughout this study consisted of a HPLC pump (KNAUER, K–1001, USA), a sample injector with a 100 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­L loop and a UV detector (KNAUER, K–2600). The column used was a reversed–phase Spherisorb C18 column (250 mm Ãâ€" 4.6 mm i.d., 5 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m). The mobile phase was acetonitrile–water (65:35 v/v) with a flow–rate of 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature was 25  °C. The effluent was monitored at 254 nm. Preparation of Fe3O4@Ag nanoparticles Fe3O4–NPs were prepared using the most conventional reported co–precipitation method first (18), followed by the slow reducing of the Ag+ ions to form a metal shell around the core. Calculated amount of freeze dried magnetic NPs were well–dispersed in 10 mL deionized water. A 10.0 mL portion of 1.0 mM AgNO3 solution was then added into suspension. Glucose was used as a mild reducing agent for the reduction of Ag+ ions (19). Increasing the amount of glucose increases the reduction rate of Ag+ ions. We have found that the experimental conditions that employ molar ratio of metal ions to glucose of 2:1 yields stable suspension of core–shell particles. The condensation deposition of metal particles slowly progresses to yield ~2–3 nm metal shell. With continued stirring of the solution at room temperature, the color slowly changed from black to brownish. Optimized reaction time of ~25 min was achieved based on maximum photocatalytic activity of core/shell clusters. Ag–NPs were also produced in a separate batch using the same experimental conditions. Laser Flash Photolysis Experiment of nano–second laser flash photolysis was performed with 337 nm laser pulses from N2 laser system (Laser pulse width 800 ps, intensity 5 mJ/pulse). Unless otherwise specified, all the experiments were performed under N2 purging condition. Steady–state photolysis experiments were conducted by photolyzing N2–purged solution with UV light (two high–pressure 15 W mercury lamps). Analytical Methods The adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of DPA was carried out in a home–made cylindrical Pyrex reactor (50 mL) with a double–walled cooling–water jacket. UV illumination was conducted utilizing two UV lamps housed over the photocatalytic reactor. In all the experiments, the reactor was fixed 15 cm distant from the light sources. Prior to illumination, equal volumes of DPA and photocatalyst suspension (50 mL volumes) were stirred in the dark for 15 min to achieve the adsorption–desorption equilibrium. Then, UV–irradiated samples (3 mL) were obtained at fixed time intervals and exposed to an external magnetic field for separation of photocatalysts from the reaction mixture. Sample analysis was done by recording the UV–vis absorbance spectra and, simultaneously, injecting of 10 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­L of solution into the HPLC column. The kinetic data are presented as means of triplicate experiments. Results and discussion Characterization of the prepared nanoparticles The studies of size, morphology and composition of the NPs were performed by means of TEM images, FTIR spectra, XRD patterns, UV–vis absorption spectra and magnetization tests. The TEM images of the core–shell clusters demonstrate that these particles have spherical shape with average size of 9.0 ±2.0 and 12.0 ±2.0 nm, respectively (Figure 1A and 1B). Figure 1B shows that a pale shell was coated on the surface of the black core and the interface between the core and shell is sharp and clear. The surface of the core–shell particle is rather rough. The particle size analysis illustrates that the Fe3O4 particles are coated with silver (Figure 1C and 1D). The change of absorption peaks in the FTIR spectra indicate that the Ag–NPs are coated on the surface of Fe3O4–NPs (Figure S-1A) (20). The absence of characteristic diffraction peaks of Fe3O4 reflection in the XRD pattern manifests complete coating of the Fe3O4 seeds by Ag metal (Figure S-1B) (21). After reduction of Ag ions, a new strong absorption band in the UV–vis absorption spectra is observed at 420 nm, which is assigned to the surface plasmon resonance peak of Ag–NPs (Figure S-1C) (22). The large decrease in the magnetic moment of the Fe3O4–NPs after coating with Ag–NPs is attributed to the presence of nonmagnetic Ag metal in the prepared composites (Figure S-1D) (19). Steady–State Photolysis Figure 2A shows the changes in the absorption spectrum following the UV–irradiation of Fe3O4@Ag colloids suspended in de–aerated ethanol as a steady–state photolysis. Before subjecting to UV–irradiation, the plasmon absorption peak of suspension is seen at 430 nm. It should be noted that the small Ag particles prepared using glucose reduction represent absorbance peak at around 420 nm (19,22). The red shift in the plasmon absorption of the core–shell particles is dependent on the type of the oxide contact layer, refractive index of the surrounding medium, the volume fraction of shell layer (23), scattering effects and adsorbed chemical species (24). For 15 min UV–irradiated sample, the absorption shift attains a plateau with a surface plasmon absorption peak at 405 nm (25). For comparison, no spectral shift was observed during the UV–irradiation of bare Ag–NPs suspension in ethanol (Figure 2B). Transient absorption studies were probed using nanosecond laser flash photolysis (Figure S-2A). Notably, the spectral feature of the transient spectrum (Figure S-2A) closely matches with the difference spectrum recorded in steady–state photolysis as shown in the inset of Figure 2A. We can also repeat the photoinduced charging and dark discharge cycles repeatedly and reproduce the plasmon absorption response to separated electrons (Figure S-3) (24). Estimation of the amount of Electrons accelerated into Ag shell layer Known amounts of concentrated thionine solution (degassed) as a redox couple was injected in small increments into the UV–irradiated Fe3O4@Ag suspension (24). The absorption spectrum was recorded after each addition of thionine (Figure 3A). The presence of any unreduced thionine as the endpoint of titration is marked by the appearance of 600 nm absorption band. The plasmon shift can thus be related to the concentration of thionine added (inset of Figure 3A). From the slope of this linear plot until endpoint and the net shift observed in the plasmon band, we expect a maximum access of about ~35 electrons per Fe3O4@Ag core–shell particle (24). The dependence of the plasmon shift and the number of electrons versus the UV–irradiation time is also shown in Figure 3B. We also selected C60 as an excellent probe to investigate interfacial electron transfer in colloidal core–shell magnetic systems (24). The absorption maximum at 1075 nm manifests formation of C60 anion (C60à ¢- Ã¢â‚¬â€œ) (Figure 4) (24). The electron transfer yield increased initially with increasing concentration of C60 (inset of Figure 4). Photocatalytic activity of Fe3O4@Ag particles The UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and HPLC experiments were performed to follow the photodegradation reaction progress. Figure 5A exhibits the changes in the absorbance spectra of DPA after black–light irradiation in the absence and presence of the nanocatalysts. Photographs from the solution of DPA before and after its photocatalytic degradation are shown in the inset of this Figure. Figure 5B displays the photodegradation monitoring of DPA by HPLC. The separation method of DPA, intermediates, and products was very similar to those reported in literature (26). By irradiation of DPA with UV light for 40 min, a reduction in the chromatogram at 10.5 min in accompanying with the appearance of a new peak at a retention time of 9.3 min is observed. The obtained chromatograms suggest higher photodegradation rate of DPA in the presence of the Fe3O4@Ag clusters (Figure 5B). The photocatalytic degradation kinetic results of DPA are shown in Figure 5C which can be well described by Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) model (27). The rate constant, the linear plots of −ln(C/C0) vs. time was calculated as 0.041 min−1 for the coated particles (Figure 5D). After maintaining DPA–NPs suspension in dark no new peak was appeared in the chromatogram (plots (a) and (b) in Figure 5C). Using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensing, Du and Jing showed that oxidation of the aromatic compounds containing a free electron pair on the nitrogen atom is increased using a modified Fe3O4@Ag magnetic NPs probe (28). Figure S-4A exhibits a Langmuir type adsorption isotherm of DPA (29). The effect of initial concentration of pollutant, pH, catalyst concentration, and shell coating time on the photodegradation rate of DPA were also investigated (30,31). Photocatalytic degradation rate constant of DPA is inversely proportional to its initial concentration which implies that the reaction dominantly occurred in solution rather than in the catalyst surface (inset of Figure S-4A) (30). The L–H equation also was successfully used to describe that DPA adsorbed on the Ag surface is not an important step (32). Capping of Ag shell on the Fe3O4 core was confirmed by checking the stability in an acidic solution (HNO3). At pH 3O4–NPs surface (33). Significant shifting (~2nm) in spectra for DPA was detected at different pH values. Figure S-4B shows that the adsorption of DPA on Ag surface decreases, but the removal of DPA increases with the increasing pH. At sufficiently higher pH values, the formation of oxidizing species such as the oxide radical anion (à ¢- O–) could also be responsible for the enhancement (34). The observed results are consistent with the proposed mechanism for the photolysis of DPA in literature (35). Figure S-4C shows the time–dependent degradation of DPA at different concentrations of nanocatalysts (36). At excess concentrations of nanocatalysts, considerable decreasing in the photocatalytic activity can be attributed to the low probability of provoking all photocatalysts in solution together with their self–absorption effects. The photocatalytic activity of Fe3O4@Ag clusters initially increases to a peak and then decreases with increasing coating thickness (Figure S-4D), most possibly due to shading (37–39), strong scattering and light filtering effect (40) of denser coating. Varying the Ag shell thickness and the refractive index of the solvent allows control over the optical properties of the dispersions (inset of Figure S-4D) (41). After 40 min photocatalytic reaction, core–shell nanocatalysts were collected by using a small magnet followed by twice washing with deionized water for reusing (Figure 6). In the first cycle of sunlight irradiation, ~95% degradation of DPA was achieved. However, after 3 recycling reactions, photocatalytic activity of the coated particles greatly reduced to the activity level of bare Fe3O4–NPs. Corrosion (38,42,43), oxidation (42,44) or dissolution of the noble metal coating are likely to limit the use of noble metals (Figure S-5A and S-5B). Moreover, the absence of holes in the outer layer of the core–shell particles was investigated. After each addition of known amounts of concentrated Co2+ solution into the UV–irradiated Fe3O4@Ag suspension no color change was observed (Figure S-5C and S-5D). A series of ROSs, such as à ¢- OH, à ¢- O2−, à ¢- HO2 and H2O2, are subsequently produced from primary active photogenerated holes and electrons (30). 0.1 M isopropanol or sodium azide (NaN3) was added in the reaction solution as scavengers of à ¢- OH radicals (45). I− ions was selected to scavenge the photoholes and resulted à ¢- OH radicals by forming relatively inert iodine radicals (30,46). The obtained pseudo–first–order rate constants with or without the addition of various scavengers are all presented in Table 1. In the presence of isopropanol and NaN3, the pseudo–first–order rate constants decreased from 0.041 min−1 to 0.014 and 0.017 min−1, respectively. The degradation rate of DPA with ~65.0% yield is contributed by the à ¢- OH radicals. Comparatively, the rate constants also decreased very closely to 0.018 min−1 after addition of KI scavengers in the reaction solution. Thus, the contribution percentage of photoholes in the degradation rate was deduced as ~0%. Photocatalytic degradation rate constant of deaerated DPA solution with N2 was roughly stopped, since moved electrons toward the outer layer dont receive oxygen. Therefore, only 35.0%, of the degradation rates were from other ROSs or direct photolysis of DPA. CONCLUSIONS We have scrutinized the photoinduced charging and dark discharging of electrons in a magnetic core–silver shell structure. The shift in surface plasmon band serves as a measure to determine the number of electrons accelerated into the metal shell. The charge equilibration between the metal and magnetic semiconductor plays a significant role in dictating the overall energetic of the composite. These magnetic core–metal shell composites are photocatalytically active and are practical to promote light induced electron–transfer reactions. The enhanced sunlight photocatalytic activity of nanocomposite could be attributed to a synergistic effect between LSPR–powered bandgap breaking effect and bandgap–excitation effect modes (38,47–52). In this photocatalytic system, presence of oxygen for starting the degradation of pollutants is imperative. Exploring the catalytic activity of such composite structures could pave the way for designing novel light harvesting systems.

Analysis of The Rocking Horse Winner Essay -- Literary Analysis, D. H.

Certain individuals have a drive that can lead them to achieve what they desire most. In the Short story â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner†, D.H Lawrence showcases this through character motivation and symbolism. He further this using pursuit of desire, and how if you take it to a certain extent it can result in tragedy if the individual chooses not to conform. Paul wants to please his mother because his mother feels that there family has no luck, but Paul proclaims that he is lucky. Paul suddenly becomes consumed with this sudden spree of good luck and feels this is the only way he will be able to gain to the affection of his mother. D.H Lawrence reveals that Paul has a certain flaw that turns him to believe that the only way he will be able to gain his mothers love and affection is by winning money in the horse races. He leads this pursuit of desire to the standards he thought he wanted to, but not to the standards that would have achieved what he wanted, which leads to his dow n fall. When individuals desire love from another, they may choose to conform their beliefs and actions to that person. At first they may feel successful, however if they sacrifice everything, in pursuing this kind of goal, they may pay a heavy price instead of gaining there hearts desire. Paul desire his mother’s love more than anything. However he believes he needs to prove he is lucky. He struggles to prove that he is to make his mother happy. Paul wants his mother to love him more than anything. For Paul’s mother money equals luck, and this will gain her love. â€Å"There must be more money†(19). He hears these voices throughout the house. They hear these voices when hey are receiving items of joy, especially around Christmas time. The other children can h... ...eparate paths, one for the money, and another for his mother. This ultimately leads to Paul’s demise. â€Å"Mother, did I ever tell you/No you did not†(34) He never told his mother what he was doing for her. He wanted to gain her love more than anything. He conformed to a certain path that he thought would be able to achieve his ultimate desire. Paul wanted to gain the love his mother more than anything. He chose to conform to the path of luck. While pursing this personal desire, he became overwhelmed with in it and this ultimately led to his demise. If he would have been able to control his desire it may have been able to save him from tragedy. When an individual chooses to conform to meet the ideals of another individual in order to achieve there own personal desire, they can not sacrifice everything for that persons ideals because it can often result in tragedy.